#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;

my $text = "xyz123";
print "0) '$text'\n";

chop(my $text1 = $text);
print "1) '$text1'\n";

my $text2 = join '', (split //, $text)[0..length($text)-2];
print "2) '$text2'\n";

my $text3 = substr $text, 0, length($text)-1;
print "3) '$text3'\n";

my $text4 = join '', splice(@{[split //, $text]}, 0, length($text)-1);
print "4) '$text4'\n";

(my $text5 = $text) =~ s/.$//;
print "5) '$text5'\n";